绪章Overview of Microbiology

This chapter introduces the field of microbiology and discusses the importance of microorganisms not only as causative agents of disease but also as important contributors to food production, antibiotic manufacture, vaccine development, and environmental management. It presents a brief history of the science of microbiology, an overview of the microbial world, a discussion of the scope and relevance of microbiology in today's society, and predictions about the future of microbiology.

●0.1What is Microbiology

This section talks about what  is  Microbiology. Microbiology  is  the  study  of  all  living  organisms  that are too small to be visible with the naked eye. This includes bacteria, archaea, fungi, protists, viruses,virods, satelliteds, prions, and so on, all these collectively known as 'microbes'.

●0.2History of Microbiology

This section evaluates  the  importance  of  the  contributions  to  microbiology  made  by  Hooke,  Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, Koch and so on and predict  the  difficulties  that  might  arise  when  using  Koch's postulates to determine if a microbe causes a disease unique to humans.

●0.3Nobel Prizes relating to Microbiology

This section shows Nobel Prizes relating to Microbiology. 

第一章Bacteria

This chapter provides a description of the procaryotic cell, focusing primarily on the bacterial cell. The discussion begins with the general features of size, shape, and arrangement of procaryotic cells. Then the general features of biological membranes and the specific features of procaryotic membranes are given. Important internal structures of procaryotes, such as the cytoplasmic matrix, ribosomes, inclusion bodies, and the nucleoid are described, as well as structures external to the cell, such as the cell wall, glycocalyx, fimbriae, and flagella. The differences between the cell walls of gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria are discussed and the mechanism of this differential staining reaction is explained. The chapter concludes with a discussion of bacterial chemotaxis and bacterial endospores.

●1.1Bacteria Cell Structure

This section distinguishes  a  typical  bacterial  cell  from  a  typical  plant  or  animal  cell  in  terms  of cell shapes and arrangements, size, and cell structures 

●1.2Bacterial morphology

This section shows typical  bacterial  cell  from  a  typical  plant  or  animal  cell  in  terms  of  cell  shapes and arrangements, size, and cell structures. The factors that determine the size and shape of a bacterial cell.

●1.3Bacterial plasma membrane

This section shows the  fluid  mosaic  model  of  membrane  structure  and  identify  the  types  of  lipids typically found in bacterial membranes . 

●1.4Cell wall

This section shows structure  of  Cell  wall  including  peptidoglycan  structure ,  the  cell  walls  of  typical Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

●1.5Gram stain

This section shows mechanism of Gram stain and the steps in Gram stain.

●1.6Glycocalyx and S-layer

This section talks about glycocalyx  and  Slayer.  The  cell  envelope  of  bacteria,  including  Glycocalyx :Capsules and Slime Layers and S-Layers.

●1.7Inclusion body

This section shows some types of inclusions in a microbe.

●1.8Structure of Endospores

This section shows the structure of a bacterial endospore and those  properties  of  endospores  that  are thought to contribute to its resistance to environmental stresses 

●1.9Sporulation and Germination of Endospore

This section shows sporulation  and  the  three  stages  that  transform  an  endospore  into  an  active vegetative cell

●1.10Reproduction of Bacteria

This section shows the process for bacterial binary and othre reproductive forms.

第二章Fungi

This chapter focuses on eucaryotic cell structure and function and discusses the characteristics of the members of the kingdom Fungi including their reproduction and life cycling. Although procaryotic organisms are immensely important in microbiology, eucaryotic microorganisms-such as fungi, algae, and protozoa-are also prominent members of many ecosystems, and their ecological and economic impact is discussed. The chapter concludes with a comparison of eucaryotic and procaryotic cells.

●2.1Eucaryotic cell structure

This section shows cell structure of eukaryotic organisms.

●2.2Overview of Fungi

This section shows the characteristics of fungi, and the differences between fungi and bacterial. 

●2.3Yeast

This section shows the structure of yeast; the life cycle of yeast.

●2.4Mold

This section shows the structure of filamentous fungi; and the spores , including asexual  spores  and  sexual spores.

第三章Virus

Viruses are generally small, acellular entities that usually possess only a single type of nucleic acid and that must use the metabolic machinery of a living host in order to reproduce. This chapter focuses on the general properties of viruses。 It begins with General Structural Properties of bacterial viruses and classification and then details the infectious cycle of those DNA viruses that cause destruction (lysis) of host cells. These phages are called temperate phages, and the process is referred to as lysogeny. Other viruses, such as plant viruses and insect viruses, are also discussed.

●3.1Overview of Virology

This section shows the relationship between viruses and human being, the host for vivruses.

●3.2Morphology of Viruses

This section talks about the morphology of viruses, including the basic structrures and the types of capsid symmetry.

●3.3Viral Genome

This section talks about the genetic material of viruses.

●3.4Multiplication of viruses

This section compare  and  contrast  the  major  steps  of  the  life  cycles  of  virulent  phages  and  temperate phages

●3.5Rotaviruses

This section talks about the structure and life cycle of Rotaviruses

第四章Microbial Nutrition

This chapter describes the basic nutritional requirements of microorganisms. Cells must have a supply of raw materials and energy in order to construct new cellular components. This chapter also describes the processes by which microorganisms acquire nutrients and provides information about the design of culture media.

●4.1Nutrient requirement

This section talks about 6 nutrients for microbes and nutrentional sources for microbes.

●4.2Nutritional types

This section talks about different  nutritional  types  photolithoautotrophs,  photoorganoheterotrophs,  chemolithoautotrophs, chemolithoheterotrophs, and  chemoorganoheterotrophs 

●4.3Uptake of nutrients

This section talks about four main mechanism for microbes to uptake of nutrients.

●4.4Culture media

This section talks about that according  to  the  different  parameters,  culture  media  are  divided  into  ifferent types and  why agar is a good material to solidify the meida.

第五章Microbial metabolism

This chapter discusses energy release and conservation mechanisms in microorganism metabolism. The participation of energy in cellular metabolic processes and the role of ATP as the energy currency of cells are examined. The chapter concludes with a discussion of enzymes as biological catalysts: how they work, how they are affected by their environment, and how they are regulated and their importance in fermentation industry. This chapter presents an overview of energy release and conservation mechanisms beginning with glucose degradation to pyruvate. Fermentation, aerobic respiration, and anaerobic respiration are then examined. This chapter includes an overview of anabolism starting with the fixation of carbon dioxide and also concludes with a discussion of the synthesis of peptidoglycan.

●5.1ATP and biochemical pathway

This section talks about ATP's role as a coupling agent that links exergonic and endergonic reactions, and the components of a biochemical pathway and how they are organized.

●5.2Redox and ETC

This section talks about redox and ETC, the  role  of  the  two  half  reactions  and  identifying  the  electron donor, electron acceptor, and conjugate redox pairs of the reaction.

●5.3Catabolism --Chemoorganotrophic Fueling Processes

This section talks about the products of the fueling reactions and the  three  types  of  chemoorganotrophic  metabolisms.

●5.4Catabolism-- Energy Release and Conservation (Autotrophs)

This section talks about the fueling reactions of chemolithotrophs and phototrophs and the use of electron transport chains and  phosphorylation by chemolithotrophs and phototrophs.

●5.5Anabolism --The Use of Energy in Biosynthesis

This section talks about the principles that govern biosynthesis and nitrogen fixation.

第六章Microbial Growth and Control

This chapter describes the basic nature of microbial growth. Several methods for the measurement of microbial growth are described, as are different systems for studying microbial growth. The influence of various environmental factors on the growth of microorganisms is discussed and the chapter ends with a consideration of microbial growth in natural environments. Several methods on the prevention of harmful microorganisms are also discussed.

●6.1Cultivation Methods of Cellular Microbes

This section talks about cultivation  methods  of  cellular  microbes,  streak plate,  spread plate  and pour plate.

●6.2Typical growth curve of monomicroorganisms

This section talks about 4 phases in the bacterial growthe curve.

●6.3Measurement of Microbial Population Size

This section talks about measurement of microbial population size.

●6.4Environmental factors on growth

This section talks about enviromental factors,  pH,  temperature  and  oxygen  level,  on  the  microbial gowth.

●6.5Control of microbes

This section talks about the methods for controlling microbes and the mechanisms.

第七章Microbial Genetics

This chapter presents the basic proof of molecular genetics: genetic information in the DNA molecule, mutagenesis, and repair. It begins with a general discussion of bacterial recombination, plasmids, and transposable elements, and then examines the acquisition of genetic information by conjugation, transformation, and transduction. Genetic engineering-the deliberate modification of an organism's genetic information by directly changing its nucleic acid is discussed.The way these recombination procedures are used to breeding the microorganisms is explained. Finally, several methods used in degeneration and preservation of stock culture are discussed.

●7.1Genetic material

This lesson presents the discovery history of genetic material, particularly three classic experiments, as well as the passing on of genetic information from DNA to protein.

●7.2Where does genetic material exist?

This lesson presents the exsiting form of genetic material within the microbe, with a focus on plasmid, whose different types and characteristics are introduced.

●7.3Mutation and breeding

This lesson presents knowledge about mutation, with a focus on their definition and characteristics, and experiments that proved mutation was spontaneous. Breeding approaches based on mutation is also introduced, as well as Ames test which can detect the potential mutagen.

●7.4Ames test

This section introduces the principle of Ames test and its applicaiton.

●7.5Gene recombination

This lesson presents the types of genetic recombination for both prokaryote and eukaryote.

●7.6Genetic engineering

This lesson briefly presents the basic work flow of genetic engineering.

第八章Microbial ecology

This chapter focuses on microbial ecology-the study of the relationships microorganisms with other organisms, each other, and their physical environment. The chapter begins with a discussion of symbiotic relationships, and examples of each type of relationship are presented. This chapter then considers nutrient cycling and the roles of microorganisms in ecosystems. The chapter also includes a discussion of extreme environments and concludes with a discussion of the methods used in microbial ecology.

●8.1Distribution of microbes in nature

This lesson presents the distribution of microbes in nature.

●8.2Relationship between microbes

This lesson presents the relationship between microbes and their biological environment.

●8.3Microbes and nutrients cycling

This lesson presents the roles of microbes in nutrients cycling.

●8.4Microbes and environment protection

This lesson presents the application of microbes in environment protection.

●8.5Association between microbes and plant growth

This section introduces the association between microbes and plant growth.

第九章Infection and Immune

This chapter mainly deals with infection and immunity, firstly, the factor such as virulence of a pathogen that could affect infection outcomes will be introduced; secondly, non-specific immunity and specific immunity particularly antigen and antibody will be highlighted; immunological methods involved in industrial applications were also introduced.

●9.1Infection

This lesson presents the three factors affecting infection and three possible outcomes of infection.

●9.2Immunity

This lesson presents the differences between innate immunity and specific immunity. 

●9.3Antigen and antibody

This lesson presents the differences between antigen and antibody.

●9.4Immunological method

This lesson presents the immunological methods and their application.

●9.5Biologic products

This section introduces biologic products, which can be further classified into biologic products based on artificial active immunization, and biologic products based on artificial passive immunization.

第十章Microbial Taxonomy

Microorganisms are tremendously diverse in size, shape, physiology, and lifestyle. This chapter introduces the classification,nomenclature and identification of microorganisms and presents an overview of the current classification scheme.

●10.1Microbial taxonomic ranks

This lesson presents the microbial taxonomic ranks.

●10.2Microbia nomenclature

This lesson presents the nomenclature of microbial.

●10.3 Microbial identification

This lesson presents the methods of microbial identification.

●10.4Microbial classification systems

This lesson presentsthe status of microorganism in the biological world and Bergey's classification system.

第十一章Microbiology experiment

The main objective of microbiology experiments is to enable students to master the main methods and techniques for the study and application of microorganisms. There are six experiments in this course.

●11.1Experiment 1: theoretical explanation part

This experiment is mainly to introduce the commonly used utensils and instruments in microbiology laboratories.

●11.2Experiment 1: operation part

This video is to show you the operation of commonly used utensils and instruments in microbiology laboratories.

●11.3Experiment 2: theoretical explanation part

This experiment is mainly to introduce the classification and preparation of commonly used culture media.

●11.4Experiment 2: operation part

This video is to show you how to preparing beef paste peptone medium.

●11.5Experiment 3: theoretical explanation part

This experiment is mainly to introduce the isolation and purification of bacteria in soil and counting of live bacteria.

●11.6Experiment 3: operation part

This video is to show you the basic operating techniques of using dilution plate method to separate microorganisms in soil.

●11.7Experiment 4: theoretical explanation part

This experiment is mainly to introduce the principle and notes of gram staining of bacteria.

●11.8Experiment 4: operation part

This video is to show you the operation of gram staining of bacteria.

●11.9Experiment 5: theoretical explanation part

This experiment is mainly to introduce the principle and notes of determination of the number of microorganisms.

●11.10Experiment 5: operation part

This video is to show you how to use a blood cell counting board for microbial counting.

●11.11Experiment 6: theoretical explanation part

This experiment is mainly to introduce the principle and notes of antibiotic titer evaluation.

●11.12Experiment 6: operation part

This video is to show you how to evaluate the antibiotic titer using the round filter paper method.