第一章Introduction绪言

This chapter falls mainly into two parts. The first part deals with the definition of mythology. The second part is about creation myths in Greek Mythology.

●1.1What is mythology?什么是神话

The word “mythology” refers to
1) the science or study of myths or legends,
2) a book of or about myths, and
3) myth collectively;
especially all the myth about a specific being, or those myths, fables or traditions interwoven with the history, origin, deities, etc. of a specific people.
–Webster’s New Twentieth Century Dictionary
In this textbook, the term is mostly used in the last sense, and often used interchangeably with “myth” or “myths”.

●1.2How to Approach Mythology?如何研究神话？

本节为大家简要介绍七类常用的神话研究方法。

●1.3Greco-Roman Mythology希腊罗马神话

希腊罗马神话总述

●1.4Myths of Universe Creation创世神话

古希腊文明可分为爱琴海文明(又叫克里特—迈锡尼文明)、希腊城邦时代和希腊化时代。但由于希腊神话的形成主要在爱琴海文明时期，所以我们主要讲解这个时期的历史。
希腊的创世神话主要有三种：一是创造克里特前期与中期文明的西亚移民带来的创世神话；第二种也是希腊创世神话中流传最为广泛的是阿该亚人的创世神话；第三种创世神话则是由创造基克拉迪文明的土著皮拉斯基人(Pelasgian)创造的。古罗马诗人奥维德的《变形记》中记载的创世神话是在古希腊神话的基础上演变而成的。

第二章Five Ages of Man人类的五个时代

Among the different versions of human history, Hesiod’s is the best known. In a mythological sense, his description of the Five Ages is also a gradation of alienation of man from the gods. Greek myths explain in different ways about causes and results of this alienation, such as the famous stories of Prometheus and Pandora as well as Deucalion deluge and human.

●2.1Five ages人类的五个时代

赫西俄德在《工作与时日》一书中详细论述了人类经历的五个时代，分别是黄金时代（the golden age）、白银时代（the silver age）、青铜时代（the bronze age）、英雄时代（the heroic age）和黑铁时代（the iron age）。这五个时代分别反映了人类的不同命运。在赫西俄德的叙事中， 人类的命运好坏可以从人与神的关系中体现出来。
人类的五个时代反映了人类从无忧无虑的生活堕落到劳累烦恼悲哀的命运，赫西俄德通过《工作与时日》一书对人类的命运进行了反思，传达正义对人类社会的重要性，而实现正义的方式就是：辛勤劳动。

●2.2Prometheus and Mankind 普罗米修斯

The stories of Prometheus are always related to mankind. He is said to be the creator of mankind and man’s protector and benefactor. In all the different versions about him, his part in the creation of man, cheating the gods at the sacrifice, stealing heavenly fire for man and his punishment bespeak his significant role in human civilization.

●2.3Pandora’s Box潘多拉的盒子

Who is Pandora? What does she have in her box?
After the theft of fire from the heaven by the Titan Prometheus, Zeus had intentions of punishing mankind for accepting this gift which was reserved for the gods only. He told Hephaestus to creat a woman out of clay who was very beautiful, and clever. Zeus presented the woman with a jar, later legends say “box,” and told her never to open it, or let anybody else open it no matter what the circumstances were. All of the other gods and goddesses gave the woman a gift, and the last one was curiosity given by Hera. She was sent down to the earth as a divine gift, and was given the name Pandora, which means “All-gifted.”
At this time, there was no such thing as people dying from old age. There was no sickness, no hunger, no poverty, and no misery; their life on the earth was perfect. Eventually, Pandora’s curiosity about the jar she was forbidden to open became too great. She opened the jar and out flew all kinds of evils. However, at the bott

●2.4The Deucalion Deluge大洪水

青铜时代末期，宙斯不断听到人类的恶行，决定消灭人类，于是降下大洪水惩罚人类。洪水神话在世界上许多国家和民族中都广泛流传，已然形成了一个世界性母题。全世界已知的洪水神话与传说有500多则，由于各自地理环境、意识形态、人文精神等的各不相同，不同地区的洪水神话也呈现出同中有异的格局。

第三章Titanic and Olympian Genealogy泰坦族和奥林匹斯家族

In Greek myth, the two most important generations of the divine family were the Olympians and the Titans. The conflict between the old and the young, father and son, husband and wife, the male and the female, formed the history of the Greek gods and goddesses.

●3.1The Devine Family

This part introduces the stories before the establishment of the Olympian family. These stories include Uranus and Cronus, Cronus and Zeus, and Titanomachy, by which Zeus gained his reign.

●3.2The Olympian Genealogy奥林匹斯众神

奥林匹斯神是由两代神共同组成的，分别是宙斯及其兄弟姐妹和宙斯的孩子，他们共同住在奥林匹斯山。奥林匹斯神中最受崇拜的有十二位神，分别是：众神之王Zeus，天后Hera赫拉，海神波塞冬，农业与丰收之神Demeter得墨忒耳，爱与美神Aphrodite，接下来的神都是宙斯的孩子：太阳神Apollo，战神Ares，月亮与狩猎女神Artemis，智慧女神Athena，酒神Dionysus，锻造之神Hephaestus和宙斯的信使Hermes。

第四章Major Olympian Deities: Gods主要的奥林匹斯神：男神

The Greek male deities were idealized beings not only in their physical strength, but also in other potentials. In a way, they were human beings made larger than life through the intensity of their emotions and their superhuman powers.They performed extraordinary feats, changed shapes, became invisible and flew at will. Unit 4 will introduce three major Olympian gods: Zeus, Apollo, and Dionysus.

●4.1Zeus宙斯

本节主要介绍众神之王、众神之父宙斯的出生、成长，他作为众神之父与各位神祇的关系。作为勇武、强健的男神，在视觉艺术中，宙斯的形象随处可见。他同时也是男性父亲神的原型，体现了古代人对自然力、家庭的崇拜。

●4.2Apollo阿波罗

Apollo, an epithet which means “bright,” was also called Helius, Helios, Hyperion, or Phoebus. As a favorite son of his father and a leading member of the family, he was the god of the sun or the light, and patron defender of herds and flocks. He was said to have dominion over archery, dance, poetry, music, prophecy, and medicine. He was also related to reason or ration, justice or truth, enlightenment, and a new order of justice. As a god of religious healing, he was famous for his oracles at Delphi where he purified those guilty of sins and prophesied the liberation.
Because of the disciplined and controlled side of his character, Apollo is often pitted against Dionysus in encompassing the basic duality of human nature: the rational and/vs. the irrational, or culture and/vs. nature. however, as he was a young deity subject to many moods and passions, there is also a touching tragic tone in his life.

●4.3Dionysus狄奥尼索斯

Dionysus was the youngest and the last of the twelve major Olympian gods and goddesses. He was the god of wine/vine and a life-death-rebirth deity. He represented not only the intoxicating power of wine, but also its social and beneficial influence. He was viewed as a promoter of civilization, a giver of ecstasy, a lover of peace, as well as the patron deity of both agriculture (succeeding Demeter) and theater. He brought happiness and salvation to those who accepted him, and madness and death to those who rejected him. He represented the emotional and irrational side of human beings, which drove them relentlessly to fury, fanaticism, and violence, and, at the same time, took them to the highest ecstasy and religious experience. Within the nature of Dionysus lay both the bestial and the sublime.

●4.4Hephaestus赫淮斯托斯

本节介绍了著名的工匠神——赫淮斯托斯。无疑，对一个社团来讲，拥有技艺的人是重要的一员。他作为工匠，制作了哪些有用的器具？表现了古人什么样的生活？作为一位身有缺陷的男性，他的婚姻生活又是怎样的？

●4.5Hermes赫尔墨斯

Hermes，the messenger of the gods，was always seen in a winged cap chlamys，pteroeis pedila and with a magic wand in hand. His attributes were the most complex and varied among those of any of the major gods. He was the god of thieves, commerce, travelers and trade, the god of oratory and eloquence, and the guide for the dead to the Underworld. His most famous legend concerns what he did on the first day of his life---Lyre and cattle stealling.

●4.6Hades, Poseidon, Ares海德思，波塞冬，阿瑞斯

In this section, three major gods will be introduced. Poseidon was the god of sea. His appearance and the palace under the sea will be the focus. A general introduction to Ares, the god of wars and his love story with Aphrodite will also be given. For Hades, it is mainly about what the world ruled by Hades was and what the dead will experience there.

第五章Major Olympian Deities: Goddesses主要的奥林匹斯神：女神

The Greek female deities were idealized beings not only in their beauty, but also in other potentials. The best proof of their divinity lay in their immortality. And yet, they were tragically human in their passions and appetites, pains and sorrows, rivalries, and sins. Unit 5 will introduce three major Olympian goddesses: Hera, Aphrodite and Athena.

●5.1Hera赫拉

The Greek female deities were idealized beings not only in their beauty, but also in other potentials. The best proof of their divinity lay in their immortality. And yet, they were tragically human in their passions and appetites, pains and sorrows, rivalries, and sins. Among them, Hera, as Queen of the Heavens, was the youngest sister and the last wife of Zeus. She used to reign with Zeus as the pair-ruler. After the failure of her revolt against Zeus, Zeus became the supreme god, and her status was reduced to a less important one. Though Hera was the Goddess of Marriage, the patroness of marital fidelity, childbirth and family life, she, however, failed to safeguard her own marriage. As a result, she adopted the role of a persecutor of Zeus’ lovers and his children born out of extramarital affairs, and became the figure of a jealous and nagging wife.

●5.2Athena雅典娜

Athena，Greek Goddess of Wisdom and War，was also worshiped as the goddess of female crafts, especially hose of spinning, weaving and needlework. In mythology, Athena was the favorite daughter of Zeus, and was said to have sprung from his head, fully grown and clothed in armor. She was often depicted as wearing a helmet and carrying a spear and shield. Athena was wise not only in war but also in the arts of peace. Her main place of worship was the seaport city of Athens, which was named after her.

●5.3Aphrodite阿芙洛狄忒

本小节将重点讲述爱与美之神阿弗洛狄忒的出生，回到奥林匹斯山并因为美貌而被众神爱慕；火神赫菲斯托斯如何用智谋重新获得神位并娶阿弗洛狄忒为妻；阿弗洛狄忒和战神艾瑞斯幽会被火神发现；阿弗洛狄忒和阿多尼斯的爱情故事。

●5.4Demeter and Persephone德墨忒尔和珀耳塞福涅

In this section, Demeter and how she searched for her lost daughter Persephone will be introduced. Demeter was the goddess of Corn, Grain and Harvest. Her daughter with Zeus Persephone was seized by Hades, and Demeter spent much time to search for her. Rescued by the princess of Eleusis, she helped the Queen to raise her son in return. Later, Demeter was so furious that Zeus had to ask Hades to return Persephone to Demeter for six months within a year. Another two stories about how Demeter was easily agitated will also be given.

●5.5Artemis, Hestia阿尔忒弥斯，赫斯提亚

In this section, Hestia, the goddess of fire will be introduced as the presiding deity of the domestic hearth and the guardian spirit of man. For Artemis, her personality, sacrifices and love stories will be covered.

第六章Minor Deities小神

本章主要介绍希腊神话中较常提到的小神。

●6.1The Muses缪斯女神

本节介绍了缪斯九女神的故事。

●6.2The Fates and Furies命运女神与复仇女神

本节介绍了命运三女神和复仇三女神的故事。

●6.3Nymphs宁芙仙女

本节介绍了自然精灵宁芙仙女的故事。

●6.4Hebe and Cupid青春女神赫柏、丘比特

本小节重点介绍了青春女神赫柏的故事和丘比特的特点以及与之相关的英语词汇。

第七章Greek Heroes: The Argos Family阿尔戈家族

阿尔戈家族是希腊英雄部分比较重要的代表家族之一，本章为大家介绍阿尔戈家族中的代表人物，Perseus和Heracles.

●7.1Major Characters主要人物

本节简要梳理了阿尔戈家族中主要人物关系。

●7.2Persues帕尔修斯

Perseus was the most perfect Greek hero in myths. He was the only Greek hero who maintained supportive relationship with women throughout his career. Favored by gods, he got help from Athena and Hermes and was given some magic equipment like winged sandals, a magic bag and the invisible helmet. In his pursuit of glory, he exhibited courage and wisdom. In killing Medusa, who turned into stone anyone beholding her, he outwitted the monster by shrewdness and tricks rather than mere courage and strength. After death, he was transformed into a constellation.

●7.3Heracles赫拉克里斯

Heracles has been considered the most archetypal Greek hero. As the last earth-born son of Zeus, he was known not only for his superhuman strength and courage, but for his most extraordinary experiences. His twelve labors were proofs of his divine potentials and heroic achievements, and yet his quick temper, cruelty and madness bespeak the limited and tragic nature of human existence.

第八章Greek Heroes: The Thebes Family忒拜家族

忒拜家族是希腊英雄部分比较重要的代表家族之一，本章为大家介绍本家族中的代表人物，卡德摩斯及俄狄浦斯。

●8.1Major Characters主要人物

本节简要梳理了忒拜家族中主要人物关系。

●8.2Cadmus 卡德摩斯

本部分介绍了忒拜城的建立者——卡德摩斯的故事。

●8.3Oedipus俄底浦斯

本部分简要介绍了俄狄浦斯王的传说故事。

第九章Greek Heroes: The Athens Family雅典家族

雅典家族是希腊英雄部分比较重要的代表家族之一，本章为大家介绍本家族中的代表人物Theseus的故事。

●9.1Major Characters主要人物

本节简要梳理了雅典家族中主要人物关系。

●9.2Theseus忒修斯

本节主要介绍历史上确有其人的一位英雄人物，雅典的忒休斯。英雄的出生与成年后的历险是忒休斯故事中有趣的部分。他成为雅典国王后的部分介绍比较简略。总体而言，他身上汇集了具有神性的英雄与凡人的各种矛盾，成为希腊神话中重要的英雄形象。

第十章Greek Heroes: The Peloponnesian Family伯罗奔尼撒家族

伯罗奔尼撒家族是希腊英雄部分比较重要的代表家族之一，本章为大家介绍本家族中的代表人物，坦塔罗斯、佩罗普斯、阿特柔斯、阿伽门农、以及欧瑞斯特斯的故事。

●10.1Major Characters主要人物

本节着重梳理了伯罗奔尼撒家族的五代家谱。

●10.2Tantalus and Pelops坦塔罗斯与佩洛普斯

坦塔罗斯的罪恶和珀罗普斯犯下的罪使得伯罗奔尼撒家族活在黑暗的诅咒之下。

●10.3Atreus and Agamemnon阿特柔斯与阿伽门农

阿特柔斯逃不过家族的诅咒，被他的弟弟和侄子杀害。阿伽门农作为希腊的大英雄，也在命运的裹挟下献祭长女。他的妻子因此怀恨在心，遂联合其情人将阿伽门农杀害。

●10.4Orestes奥瑞斯特斯

奥瑞斯特斯为父报仇，杀害其母。但雅典娜判其无罪，笼罩在伯罗奔尼撒家族的诅咒也因此消失。

●10.5Reflections on the Story阿伽门农家族故事的反思

阿伽门农家族故事的反思有三点：1. 命运的悲剧；2. 父权制的建立；3. 智慧来自痛苦的煎熬。

第十一章Greek Heroes: Other Major Heroes其他主要英雄

除了前几章中各家族的代表人物以外，希腊英雄中其他几位主要的英雄还包括伊阿宋、奥德修斯等，本章将为大家详细介绍这两位相关的故事。

●11.1Jason伊阿宋

本小节将讲述伊阿宋如何带领阿尔戈英雄寻找金羊毛的故事。
伊阿宋是艾俄尔卡斯王子，父亲的王位被弟弟篡夺，伊阿宋远走他乡。成年后，伊阿宋想要夺回王位，被国王告知须拿传说中的金羊毛交换。接下来讲述了金羊毛的传说；阿尔戈号船的制造以及五十名英雄加入寻找金羊毛的航行；伊阿宋带领阿尔戈英雄途径雷诺斯岛，基奇科斯岛的见闻；赫拉克勒斯离开；与阿密科斯的决斗。

●11.2Odyssey奥德修斯

本节非常简略地介绍了希腊英雄奥德修斯在海上的历险与返乡后的复仇。大家一定要对这一历程熟记在心，因为这一为了达成某一目标历尽千辛万苦的历程已经成为各种文学的母题。东西方无论古代还是现代的文学作品中总是能够见到奥德修斯冒险的影子。

第十二章Two Major Wars两大战争

The two famous wars in Greek Myth were told orally from generation to generation. The stories about them served as mysterious tools for people to even get a glimpse of the true history of the past.

●12.1The Trojan War特洛伊大战

本节介绍的特洛伊战争历时久、跨越了地中海，被看作影响了古代历史的一场战争。我们只能从神话故事的角度，删减掉双方繁杂的人物、挑选最为关键的细节进行最为简单的介绍。阿喀琉斯无疑是其中最主要的人物，但更重要的是英雄人物的群像以及他们面对问题时的选择与挣扎。

●12.2Seven Against Thebes七雄攻忒拜

本节介绍的斗争残酷血腥，是阿尔戈斯家族的内斗。虽然它不像特洛伊之战涉及的地域广泛，但是从另一侧面呈现了古代希腊对荣誉、权力的看法。本节只简单介绍了第一次七雄攻打忒拜城的起因、过程、结果，并简要涉及俄狄浦斯的历险。

第十三章Roman Mythology罗马神话

罗马神话是希腊罗马神话体系中的一部分，本章为大家综述罗马神话中的主要神祇及代表性的故事。

●13.1Major Roman Deities罗马神话主要神祇

At the head of the Roman pantheon were the triad Jupiter, Mars and Quirinus, the patron of the armed community in time of peace, as well as Janus and Vesta.

●13.2Native Roman Myths罗马当地神祇

Apart from the deities the Romans inherited from the Greeks, they created their own myths which depicted their history as well as the virtues they cherished.

●13.3Ovid’s Roman Myth: Metamorphoses奥维德的罗马神话《变形记》

Metamorphosis is a Greek word meaning "change of shape." Ovid in his Metamorphoses characterized the unpredictable nature of things and the instability of the forms of nature.

第十四章Roman Foundation: The Aeneid罗马史诗：《埃涅阿斯纪》

罗马史诗《埃涅阿斯纪》的作者是罗马伟大的诗人奥维德。这部史诗详细描述了主人翁埃涅阿斯离开特洛伊，历经艰辛，抵达拉丁姆平原，建立城邦的过程。本章为大家简述这部史诗中一些经典的故事片段。

●14.1The Fate of Aeneas埃涅阿斯的命运

From Troy to Italy.

●14.2Adventurous Wanderings冒险之旅

The story between Aeneas and Dido, the queen of Carthage, is introduced in this part.

●14.3The Underworld冥府之行

本部分介绍了埃涅阿斯是如何去往冥界的，此外，简单介绍了史诗中对冥府的描述。

●14.4The War for the Latium意大利之战

本部分介绍了埃涅阿斯在应许之地——拉丁姆平原与图二努斯之间的战争。

第十五章Useful Expressions in Greco-Roman Mythology希腊罗马神话中的常用表述

本章为大家梳理出英语中与希腊罗马神话相关的常用表述。

●15.1Words and Phrases from Main Characters与人物相关的单词和词组

本部分介绍了源自人物的词汇和习语。

●15.2Words and Phrases from Stories故事中的单词和词组

本部分介绍了源自故事的词汇和习语。

第十六章Plants and Animals in Greco-Roman Mythology希腊罗马神话中的动植物

本章为大家梳理出希腊罗马神话中，与动植物相关的故事和传说。

●16.1Plants in Greco-Roman Myths希腊罗马神话中的植物

本节介绍了希腊神话中和植物有关几则故事。

●16.2Animals in Greco-Roman Myths希腊罗马神话中的动物

本节介绍了希腊神话中和动物有关的几则故事。