绪章Introduction

介绍基础医学英语的基本课程设置和创新之处。

●0.1Course Design and Requirements

介绍基础医学英语的基本课程设置和创新之处。

第一章The Immune System

《基础医学英语》是学生学完通用《大学英语》后的一门重要英语通识课。该课程的教学宗旨是提高学生的医学英语语言能力，尤其是医学领域内使用英语进行交际的能力。

●1.1Great Wall-The First Defense Line of the Human Body

在人体的周围存在着大量的微生物，但一般情况下我们为什么不得病呢？其中的奥秘就是我们的皮肤就像一道万里长城，阻挡着这些微生物进入我们的身体，从而保护我们的身体健康。

●1.2Frontier Guards-The Second Defense Line of the Human Body

面对人体周围的微生物，免疫的第一道防线还是不够的，人体还有第二道防线。如边疆的哨兵，巨噬细胞、中性粒细胞和树突细胞组成了人体的第二道防线。同时，淋巴系统也是第二道防线的一部分。

●1.3Spy Agents-The Third Defense Line of the Human Body（Ⅰ）

人体免疫的第三道防线由淋巴细胞和补体系统组成。本讲着重于情报系统—淋巴细胞。淋巴细胞分为T细胞和B细胞。T细胞可识别外来微生物如细菌（抗原）等，然后将异物信号传给B细胞。B细胞会变成浆细胞，而浆细胞可产生抗体。抗体可和抗原结合。

●1.4Cooperative Fight-The Third Defense Line of the Human Body（II）

最终将外来微生物的清除需要细胞毒T细胞、吞噬细胞和补体系统的共同合作。细胞毒T细胞和吞噬细胞都可直接杀死外来微生物。抗原和抗体的结合可激活补体系统，其也可直接杀死外来微生物。

第二章The Musculoskeletal System

The musculoskeletal system is made up of the body's bones (the skeleton), muscles, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, joints, and other connective tissue that supports and binds tissues and organs together. Its primary functions include supporting the body, allowing motion, and protecting vital organs.

●2.1Bones---The Trunk

Bones provide the structure for our bodies. Skeleton is the hard structure of bones and cartilages that provides a frame for the body. The adult human skeleton is composed of 206 bones.

●2.2Muscles--- The Leaves

There are about 600 muscles in the human body. The three main types of muscle include skeletal, smooth and cardiac. The brain, nerves and skeletal muscles work together to cause movement – this is collectively known as the neuromuscular system.

●2.3Joints--- A Bridge Between Bones

A joint is the part of the body where two or more bones meet to allow movement. Generally speaking, the greater the range of movement, the higher the risk of injury because the strength of the joint is reduced. The six types of freely movable joint include ball and socket, saddle, hinge, condyloid, pivot and gliding.

●2.4Bone Development and Growth

Bones begin to develop before birth. Growth takes place at the epiphyseal growth plate of long bones . When the skeleton first forms, it is made of flexible cartilage, but within a few weeks it begins the process of ossification.

第三章The Cardiovascular System

The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. Its primary function is to transport nutrients and oxygen-rich blood to all parts of the body and to carry deoxygenated blood back to the lungs.

●3.1The Heart

The heart is a muscular organ about the size of a fist, located just behind and slightly left of the breastbone. The heart pumps blood through the network of arteries and veins called the cardiovascular system.

●3.2The Blood Vessels

The blood vessels are the components of the circulatory system that transport blood throughout the human body. These vessels transport blood cells, nutrients, and oxygen to the tissues of the body. They also take waste and carbon dioxide away from the tissues

●3.3The Blood

Blood is a constantly circulating fluid providing the body with nutrition, oxygen, and waste removal. Blood is mostly liquid, with numerous cells and proteins suspended in it, making blood "thicker" than pure water.

●3.4Blood Circulation

There isn't only one blood circulatory system in the human body, but two, which are connected: The systemic circulation provides organs, tissues and cells with blood so that they get oxygen and other vital substances. The pulmonary circulation is where the fresh oxygen we breathe in enters the blood. At the same time, carbon dioxide is released from the blood.

第四章The Respiratory System

The respiratory system is the network of organs and tissues that help you breathe. It includes your airways, lungs and blood vessels. The muscles that power your lungs are also part of the respiratory system. These parts work together to move oxygen throughout the body and clean out waste gases like carbon dioxide.

●4.1Introduction to the respiratory system

The respiratory system is the organs and other parts of your body involved in breathing, when exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide. The organs of the respiratory system extend from the nose to the lungs and are divided into the upper and lower respiratory tracts.

●4.2Lungs

The lungs are the primary of the in and most other animals including a few , and some . Two lungs are located near the on either side of the . Their function in the respiratory system is to extract from the and transfer it into the , and to release from the bloodstream into the , in a process of .

●4.3Trachea and Bronchi

The trachea is a hollow, tube-like structure that runs from the larynx to the bronchi — the two passageways that connect the trachea to the lungs. Bronchi are passages or airways in the that conduct into the . The bronchi are made up of cartilage, smooth muscle, and mucous membranes.

●4.4External and Internal Respiration

External respiration or breathing involves simply the stage of taking oxygen from the air and returning carbon dioxide to it. Internal Respiration, also referred to as cellular respiration, is a process that occurs inside of the body without involving any external features.

第五章The Digestive System

Digestion is the process by which food and drink are broken down into their smallest parts so that the body can use them to build and nourish cells and to provide energy.

●5.1The Oral Cavity

The oral cavity is the beginning of the process of digestion. Different parts in the oral cavity work together to finish the initial step of digestion. The lesson is going to illustrate the structure and function of the oral cavity.

●5.2The Stomach

The stomach is a muscular organ that can store and mix up food for some time. In the stomach, food gets further digestion with the help of gastric acid which contains variety of enzymes. Protein gets its initial digestion in the stomach.

●5.3The Intestines

The intestines include two parts, the small intestine and the large intestine. In the small intestine, food gets further digestion and finally nutrients are absorbed through the intestinal wall. While the waste products go into the large intestine and becomes feces which is finally released out of the body.

●5.4The Liver, the Gallblader and the Pancreas

The liver, the gallbladder and the pancreas are called accessory organs in the digestive system. They produce variety of digestive juices into the digestive system. The digestive role of the liver is to produce bile and export it to the duodenum. The gallbladder primarily stores, concentrates, and releases bile. The pancreas produces pancreatic juice and delivers it to the duodenum.

第六章The Urinary System

The body takes what it needs from food and changes it into energy. After this, waste products are left behind in the bowel and in the blood. The urinary system keeps everything in balance by removing waste, like urea, extra salt, extra water and other things the body does not need.

●6.1Introduction to the Urinary System

The urinary system, also known as the renal system, produces, stores and eliminates urine, the fluid waste excreted by the kidneys. The kidneys make urine by filtering wastes and extra water from blood. Urine travels from the kidneys through two thin tubes called ureters and fills the bladder. When the bladder is full, a person urinates through the urethra to eliminate the waste.

●6.2The Kidneys

The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs, each about the size of a fist. They are located just below the rib cage, one on each side of your spine. Healthy kidneys filter about a half cup of blood every minute, removing wastes and extra water to make urine.

●6.3Formation of Urine

The kidneys filter unwanted substances from the blood and produce urine to excrete them. There are three main steps of urine formation: glomerular filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. These processes ensure that only waste and excess water are removed from the body.

●6.4The Bladder

The Bladder is triangle-shaped, and is located in the lower abdomen. It is held in place by ligaments that are attached to other organs and the pelvic bones. The bladder's walls relax and expand to store urine, and contract and flatten to empty urine through the urethra.

第七章The Reproductive System

The Reproductive System include the organs involved in producing offspring. In women, this system includes the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus, the cervix, and the vagina. In men, it includes the prostate, the testes, and the penis.

●7.1The Cycle of Life-The Female Reproductive System

The female reproductive system in human being must house some organs working in coordination for the birth of a new life. In this lecture, we will look into the structure and functions of the female reproductive system which make the birth of a new life come true.

●7.2The Source of Feminine Charm–The Ovaries

As one of the female internal organs, ovaries are the primary reproductive organs. In order to know how the ovaries would serve as the source of feminine charm, let’s explore the structure and functions of the ovaries.

●7.3The Cradle of Life -The Uterus

The uterus is the largest and major organ of the female reproductive system. The uterus is the site of embyro and fetus growth and also the site of menstruation and it is responsive to the hormones of ovaries .

●7.4The Cycle of Life-The Male Reproductive System

In this lecture, we are going to talk about the male reproductive system. The male reproductive system and the female reproductive system are both needed for reproduction. They together form a cycle of life. The male reproductive system consists of a number of sex organs that play a role in the process of human reproduction together with its counterpart - the female reproductive system

第八章The Nervous System

The nervous system is the major controlling, regulatory, and communicating system in the body. It is the center of all mental activity including thought, learning, and memory. Together with the endocrine system, the nervous system is responsible for regulating and maintaining homeostasis.

●8.1Headquarter for Information-Central Nervous system

You have known that the brain is the center of the central nervous system as medical students. In this lecture, we will look at the definition, structure and functions of the central nervous system. Let’s look at the structure and functions of the central nervous system that make it the role of the “headquarter” for information.

●8.2Top CEO- The Cerebrum

The cerebrum, which simply means "" in Latin, is the non-technical term for the telencephalon. It is the largest part of the human brain. In this lecture, let’s look at the structure and functions of the cerebrum that make it the role of the “Top CEO ” for information.

●8.3Activities Coordinators–The Cerebellum and brain stem

In this lecture, let’s look at the structure and functions of the cerebrum and brain stem, The every part of nervous system works in a harmonious way just like in a well- coordinated company.

●8.4Fine Executors–The nervous system

Your brain would be pretty useless without a support team that kept it connected to the outside world. It’s your peripheral nervous system that keeps things real, by putting your brain in touch with the physical environment around you, and allowing it to respond. In this lecture, let’s look at the structure and functions of the “fine executors”–the nervous system .

第九章The Endocrine System

The endocrine system is instrumental in regulating mood, growth and development, tissue function, and metabolism, as well as sexual function and reproductive processes. The foundations of the endocrine system are the hormones and glands. A galnd is a group of cells that produces and secretes chemicals. Homones transfer information and instructions from one set of cells to another.

●9.1The Hypothalamus

The hypothalamus is very small but very important for the endocrine system and is considered the regulator of all hormonal functions in the body. The hypothalamus links the nervous system to the endocrine system through the pituitary gland. This lesson will focus on the structure and function of the hypothalamus.

●9.2The Pituitary Gland

The pituitary gland is often referred to as the “master gland” in the endocrine system. It secretes a large variety of hormones that are released directly into the blood vessels within the gland. The targets of the pituitary hormones are very diverse. They have an effect on many tissues and organs in the body, such as bones, muscles, skin, breast and kidneys.

●9.3The Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands

The thyroid gland has the shape of a butterfly. It secretes hormones that regulate the rate of metabolism. The four tiny parathyroid glands are attached to the thyroid gland which is related to the regulation of calcium in the blood. This lesson will introduce the structure, function and some common diseases about the two glands.

●9.4The Adrenal Gland

The adrenal glands are triangular on top of the kidneys. They secrete hormones that regulate the salt and water balance in the body, the body growth and the development of the nervous system, and also related with the second sex characteristics of men and women.

第十章Homeostasis

Homeostasis is the relatively constant state maintained by the body. There are two types of feedback mechanisms, positive feedback and negative feedback. Water balance is regulated by several mechanisms. Electrolyte balance in the body, which conducts electricity and energy, help control body fluids and maintain homeostasis.

●10.1Internal balance

Homeostasis in living organisms involves expending energy in order to maintain a position in a dynamic balance. A small change from the accepted level will start a homeostatic response which will return the environment to its desired state.

●10.2Positive and negative feedback

Feedback simply means what happens affects what happens next. And in negative feedback, the more you have, the less you get. That's what maintains homeostasis. And with positive feedback, the more you have, the more you get.

●10.3Water balance

Organs in our body work together to maintain this water balance in homeostasis. Every organism needs water to survive. Organs in our body work together to maintain this water balance in homeostasis. Every organism needs water to survive.

●10.4Electrolyte Balance

Electrolyte balance in the body, which conduct electricity and energy, help control body fluids and maintain homeostasis, the balance of the body. Besides, two of most famous electrolytes, sodium and potassium are introduced.